Joseph and Potiphar's Wife
NAKED
MAN DENIES AFFAIR
WITH BOSS'S WIFE
| HERE COMES
TROUBLE...
She was lonely, bored and now thrown into the company of an unusually handsome man, a Brad Pitt of the ancient world. Neglected by her husband who may have been a eunuch, she fell in love with Joseph - to the point of obsession. |
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Painter: Unknown French manuscript master
Year: 1250
Incident shown: various scenes from the life of Joseph, including the attempted seduction by Potiphar's wife
Bible reference: Genesis 39:1-20
Comment: Psalters were popular in the Middle Ages, though the high degree of skill and artistry in their production meant they were enjoyed only by the very wealthy. The illustration at left gives some idea of the rich color and lavish use of gold leaf that made them obvious status symbols, and the red, blue and gold of the illustration is typical of Parisian Gothic work at that time. At a time when few people could read or write, images were a popular aid to story-telling and preaching.
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Title: 'Joseph and the Wife of Potiphar'
Painter: Master of the Joseph Legend, Flemish Renaissance
Year: circa 1500
Incident shown: This painting shows the
moment when Joseph struggles to free himself from the arms of
Potiphar's wife. The artist makes it clear she desires him and
wants him to be her lover, but he is thinking instead of his
master Potiphar.
The painting is like a comic book sequence in that it shows two scenes
in the story, not just one. The scene at right shows a later incident where the
wife, now decorously clad from head to toe, complains to
Potiphar that she has been attacked by Joseph - his abandoned
robe being proof that he has tried to seduce her in Potiphar's
absence. Potiphar is heart-broken to hear that his favored
slave has betrayed him.
Bible reference: Left hand side of picture, Genesis 39:7-12. Right hand side of picture, Genesis 39:13-18
Comment: Northern artists like the Master of the Joseph Legend were masters of meticulous technique, and their paintings have exquisite, almost photographic detail. Other painters from this location and period are Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden
See BIBLE WOMEN: POTIPHAR'S WIFE for some beautiful, sexually explicit Egyptian love poetry.
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Title: 'Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'
Painter: Properzia de'Rossi
Year: circa 1520
Incident shown: Joseph has rejected the overtures of Potiphar's wife and is turning to run from her room. Her clothes are already disheveled as she grasps his robe to stop him leaving.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: During the Renaissance women artists began to appear. They faced many difficulties, and had to fight to be taken seriously. Rossi was given important commissions to carry out, including the one shown at left, but when she died at the early age of forty, she was penniless and friendless, virtually without any support at all. Writing her biography in 1568, Georgio Vasari, a prominent Renaissance art historian, commented that she was a pretty woman with a good singing voice, and a capable housekeeper.
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Title: 'Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'
Painter: Tintoretto (birth name Jacopo Comin)
Year: 1555
Incident shown: Potiphar's naked wife is pulling the outer garment away from Joseph's shoulders as he backs away from her. Tintoretto's emphasis is on the beauty of the female body rather than the story itself. Where previous painters had shown Potiphar's wife as merely en déshabillé, Tintoretto shows her as a voluptous nude - unlike Joseph, Tintoretto has let himself succumb to the sensuality of the story..
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: Little is known of Tintoretto's life. He was the eldest of 21 children, surely an achievement in itself, lived in Venice for most of his life, and had a prolific output of work. His paintings are known for their energy and intensity, and for his placement of figures at odd angles - as is shown in the fore-shortened image of Joseph in this painting. He uses luscious color in this painting to accentuate the sensuality .
Only Tintoretto and Rembrandt seem to have shown Potiphar's wife wearing jewelry. For the extravagant jewelry she might have worn, see Jewelry from Ancient Egypt at BIBLE ARCHAEOLOGY: JEWELRY
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Title: 'Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'
Painter: attributed to Artemisia Gentileschi, but differs in several ways from her usual style. See comment below.
Year: circa 1622-23
Incident shown: Potiphar's wife grips his dark outer garment tightly in a clenched fist, but he pulls away from her with all the weight of his body. Joseph is quite young, barely out of his teens - surely rather young to be steward of Potiphar's household and estates?
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: This painting was attributed to Artemisia Gentileschi because it had stylistic features often used by her - the tucked and rumpled bed sheets, and dishevelled hair and clothing, etc. Click JUDITH to compare this painting with 'Judith Beheading Holofernes', Artemisia Gentileschi, on the 'Judith' page of this website. See the similarities? More recent opinion has refuted this claim, and nowadays Paolo Finoglio is considered as the most probable painter.
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Title: 'Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'
Painter: Orazio Gentileschi
Year: 1626-30
Incident shown: Joseph is handsome and good-looking, as the passage in Genesis describes him. Potiphar's wife has made her offer to him yet again, and he has refused it, yet again.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: Joseph is dressed as a Renaissance nobleman (see BIBLE WOMEN: POTIPHAR'S WIFE for an image of the kalasiris, the Egyptian garment the real Joseph would have worn). He walks firmly, rather than rushes, out of the room. He has an air of authority. This is not the first time she has approached him, nor the first time he has refused. The woman has a look of grief and reproach on her face - she is more believable, more human, than the virago portrayed by so many other painters. This painting suggests a battle of wills and emotions, not an unsophisticated grab at sexual gratification. It is interesting to speculate how much this sympathetic image of the Wife was shaped by the rape of Gentileschi's own daughter, Artemisia.
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Title: 'Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'
Painter: Guido Reni (1575-1642)
Year: 1630
Incident shown: Potiphar's wife has thrown caution to the winds and now urges Joseph to make love to her. She is grasping his outer garment/cloak, tugging at it in the moment before he relinquishes it. He is about to run from the room, leaving the cloak hanging in her outstretched hands.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: Reni presents Joseph as surprised and agitated by the determination of Potiphar's wife. She tugs boldly at his outer garment, leaving him in no doubt about what she wants. The exquisite flesh tones of her body contrast with Joseph's pallor. Her body leans in towards him, but his hand is raised in a gesture of rejection.
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Painter: Guido Reni (1575-1642)
Year: 1631
Incident shown: As above
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: Compare the second of Reni's paintings of this subject with the one above. The folds of the fabric are certainly more realistic, especially the section being gripped by the hand of Potiphar's wife. This time she does not lean forward - she is less assertive, more resigned to his rejection of her. He too seems less startled than in the previous Reni painting of this subject.
Reni was an interesting man. Although it cannot be said that he was religious, he painted a number of works related to the Christian scriptures. His most famous work is probably 'Ecce Homo', the tormented but resigned face of Jesus in the Passion.
He was born in Bologna in 1575 and later moved to Rome, where he received commissions from cardinals and successive Popes, but his independent bearing made him slightly unpopular in high ecclesiastical quarters. In 1621 he obtained employment in Naples, but bullies hired by the local artists made his life so unpleasant that he fled. Settling back in Bologna he painted diligently, but he unfailingly lost at the gaming tables all the money he earned from painting, and died heavily in debt in 1642.
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Title: ' Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'
Painter: Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, called 'Guercino' - the man with the squint (1591 - 1666)
Year: 1649
Incident shown: Potiphar's wife has attempted to seduce Joseph. He grasps the Wife's outstretched left hand, deflecting it away from his face. But she has hold of his cloak, pulling it from his body. She later use it as evidence of his attack on her.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: There are three elements in this painting: Potiphar's dazzling wife, the terrified Joseph, and the rumpled bed and clothing - or in her case, lack of it. She seems to be in comparative repose; he struggles violently against the temptation of her white body - and perhaps against the dawning realization that, whatever he does, he is in a no-win situation. He has two alternatives: to become her lover and betray his conscience and his master, or be punished by her revenge.
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Title: 'Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife'
Painter: Rembrandt
Year: 1655
Incident shown: Potiphar's wife is making her accusation of attempted rape to her husband, now returned to the household. She points to Joseph's robe at the end of the bed as proof of what has apparently happened.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:16-20
Comment: The woman and the bed are bathed in light. Her hand, the focal point of the painting, is pointing to Joseph, his robe, and the bed. The graceful gesture is all that is needed to tell her story. Her face is calm, apparently honest. Joseph stands listening to this powerful woman - he seems resigned to his fate, hopeless of receiving justice .The keys hanging from his waist, emblems of his office within the household, are all he has left of his former influence. There are no walls in this room, giving the illusion that events are happening in a time outside time.
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Painter: Carlo Cignani (1628-1719)
Year: 1678
Incident shown: Potiphar's wife has taken Joseph into an embrace, and he tries to break free. She holds his outer cloak in her right hand, and twines her left hand round his shoulders. He will break free and run from the room, leaving the cloak behind him.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: This painting is more delicate than many of the other depictions of this subject - so much so, that it is difficult to take it seriously as a portrayal of the violent incident described in the Bible. Potiphar's wife is beautiful, young, ecstatic, with none of the hopeless lust described in the story. Cignani's use of exquisite flesh tones heightens the impression of youth. Certainly she is the aggressor, but it is hard to believe she is wicked. Cignani's Joseph is also young, almost a boy. In all, this painting seems to be more about youthful ardor than manipulative lust and revenge.
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Painter: Willem van Mieris (1662-1747)
Year: 1691
Incident shown: Potiphar's wife, distraught and dishevelled, has thrown herself at her husband's feet. She is telling him her version of what has happened: that Joseph his trusted servant has attempted to rape her, and that she has the proof - his outer garment, which she says came off in the struggle.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: This is a curious painting - and not very good. It shows the Egyptian Potiphar and his wife as 17th century Dutch burghers. Van Mieris was noted for his meticulous, highly detailed paintings. They are described as dispassionate, which unfortunately is only a polite way of calling them dull.
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Title: 'Joseph and the Wife of Potiphar', fresco for the Casa Bartholdy
Painter: Philipp Veit (1793-1877)
Year: 1816-17
Incident shown: Joseph has turned to run from the room of Potiphar's wife, but she pursues him, throwing caution to the winds and catching hold of his cloak to pull it from his shoulders.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: Veit had greater success painting watercolors and frescos than oils. This painting does not grab one's attention as some of the more brilliantly colored oils do, but it is quite beautiful and certainly works well as a fresco. The graceful lines of Joseph's robes and the Wife's clothing lend a gentle air to what is in reality a violent event.
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Title: 'Joseph, Overseer of the Pharaoh's Granaries'
Painter: Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836-1912)
Year: 1874
Incident shown: Joseph became a slave in the household of an Egyptian
called Potiphar. He proved to be so capable that Potiphar put
him in charge of his house and estate.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:2-5
Comment: Strictly speaking, this is not a painting of Potiphar's wife and should not be included here, but it does show the sort of status and authority that Joseph enjoyed in the Egyptian household of Potiphar. His tragedy was made all the more poignant by the fact that, to remain true to his conscience, he had to forego the status and luxury of Potiphar's household - and be hurled into prison for his pains.
Alma-Tadema was in love
with the ancient world. The life of classic Egypt, Greece and Rome were
to him as real as the present, and aesthetically far more delectable. He
took the greatest pains to ensure that he got the details correct.
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Title: 'Joseph et la Femme de Potiphar'
Painter: Hermine F Schäfer
Year: 1964
Incident shown: A mature Egyptian woman, seated on a couch-bed, grasps the outer robe of a fleeing young man - a modern drawing of Potiphar's wife and Joseph.
Bible reference: Genesis 39:7-12
Comment: This is an illustration from Anne de Vries's 'Childen's Bible'.
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EXTRA WEBSITES: stories, photographs, reconstructions
Potiphar's Wife: one of the Bad Women of the Bible - BIBLE TOP TEN: BAD WOMEN
Her story in more detail - BIBLE WOMEN: POTIPHAR'S WIFE
You can't keep a good man down: the story of Joseph - BIBLE PEOPLE: JOSEPH
Slavery in the Bible, with a case study of Joseph - BIBLE TOP TEN: SLAVERY
Ancient jewelry, with superb Egyptian jewelry - BIBLE ARCHAEOLOGY: JEWELRY
THE STORY OF JOSEPH AND POTIPHAR'S WIFE
NAKED MAN DENIES AFFAIR
Egyptian woman in love triangle
he became an outstanding success - Chief Steward for a rich Egyptian, Potiphar.
Potiphar had a beautiful wife, a woman used to getting her own way. She was lonely, bored and now thrown into the company of an unusually handsome man, a Brad Pitt of the ancient world. Neglected by her husband who may have been
a eunuch, she fell in love with Joseph - to the point of obsession.
She made some kind of sexual approach to Joseph - 'Lie with me', she said. Joseph had to either offend the wife or betray her husband. He decided to reject the woman.
But one day when they were alone in the house she insisted, grabbing hold of him. In the physical tussle that followed, she pulled off his linen loin-cloth. He was naked, and ran out of the room and then out of the house altogether, leaving his clothing behind.
She was enraged. She called to the members of the household, telling them Joseph had tried to rape her. She held up Joseph's clothing to prove her point. Only her screams had prevented him abusing her, she said.
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She waited until her husband came home
and told him the same story. He was enraged - at Joseph? at
her? The incident was now common knowledge. As a cuckold he
would become an object of ridicule.
He charged Joseph with the attempted rape of his wife, and put him in prison. Of the wife, we hear no more.
Genesis 39:1-20
HELL HATH NO FURY.....
Joseph and the Wife of Potiphar
1 Now Joseph was
taken down to Egypt, and Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, the captain of
the guard, an Egyptian, bought him from the Ishmaelites who had brought
him down there.
2 The Lord was with Joseph, and he became
a successful man; he was in the house of his Egyptian master.
3 His master saw that the Lord was with
him, and that the Lord caused all that he did to
prosper in his hands.
4 So Joseph found favour in his sight and attended him; he made
him overseer of his house and put him in charge of all that he
had.
5 From the time that he made him overseer in his house and over
all that he had, the Lord blessed the
Egyptian’s house for Joseph’s sake; the blessing of the Lord
was on all that he had, in house and field.
6 So he left all that he had in Joseph’s charge; and, with him
there, he had no concern for anything but the food that he ate. Now
Joseph was handsome and good-looking.
She Approaches Joseph
7 And after a time
his master’s wife cast her eyes on Joseph and said, ‘Lie with
me.’
8 But he refused and said to his master’s wife, ‘Look, with me
here, my master has no concern about anything in the house, and he has
put everything that he has in my hand.
9 He is not greater in this house than I am, nor has he kept back
anything from me except yourself, because you are his wife. How then
could I do this great wickedness, and sin against God?’
10 And although she
spoke to Joseph day after day, he would not consent to lie beside her or
to be with her.
11 One day, however, when he went into the house to do his work,
and while no one else was in the house,
12 she caught hold of his garment, saying, ‘Lie with me!’ But
he left his garment in her hand, and fled and ran outside.
The Wife Takes Revenge
13 When she saw that
he had left his garment in her hand and had fled outside,
14 she called out to the members of her household and said to
them, ‘See, my husband has brought among us a Hebrew to insult us! He
came in to me to lie with me, and I cried out with a loud voice;
15 and when he heard me raise my voice and cry out, he left his
garment beside me, and fled outside.’
16 Then she kept his garment by her until his master came
home,
17 and she told him the same story, saying, ‘The Hebrew servant,
whom you have brought among us, came in to me to insult me;
18 but as soon as I raised my voice and cried out, he left his
garment beside me, and fled outside.’
19 When his
master heard the words that his wife spoke to him, saying, ‘This is
the way your servant treated me’, he became enraged.
20 And Joseph’s master took him and put him into the prison, the
place where the king’s prisoners were confined; he remained there in
prison.
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Bible
Stories: People of
the Old Testament -
Bible Study Resource: Potiphar's Wife, Joseph, Benjamin, Pharaoh, Egypt